Showing posts with label democratic subjectification. Show all posts
Showing posts with label democratic subjectification. Show all posts
September 7, 2007
Democrasubjection : the sovereign myth and democratic citizens
Excerpted from Democracy and National Identity in Thailand, 2007, revised edition, NIAS PRESS. Michael K. Connors
Full references appear in the original
Note: This is a pre-proof copy of Chapter 9 of Democracy and National Identity in Thailand, published 2003 (rev. 2007). A full length discussion of democrasubjection appears in the book.
The idea of democrasubjection first appeared in my Melb Uni Honours dissertation 1994 and was fully sketched out in my PhD, 2000.
A related literature has emerged around the idea of democratic subjectification.
Towards the idea of democrasubjection
Studies of political socialization are often normatively oriented to a given order, seeking to understand maturation or deviance measured against a given, often liberal, value frame. In that sense, political socialization studies, through various techniques, are part and parcel of responding to the people-problem. When applied to third world societies, the concept of political socialization is deployed in prescriptive terms – why are people the way they are now, and how shall we remake them? The use of democrasubjection in this book is restrictive, it does not look at acquisition of ideological traits or reception by intended subjects. This book looks at the interaction of different practices external to the subject, which is to say it focuses on government and hegemony, and leaves the question of impact bracketed. Nevertheless the book proceeds on the premise that democrasubjection is at least partly successful in making people into national-citizens. Clearly, it is a restrictive concept, but it does provide a conceptual clearing space for approaching democracy in a critical manner.
In the movement between projects for reform of political subjects/citizen construction and grandiose claims regarding the sovereignty of the people, complementary strategies of hegemony and governmentality converge in the practice of what may be termed democrasubjection—the subjection of people to imaginary forms of their own rule. Here ‘imaginary’ is understood as the discursive and ideological effects that produce a way of seeing that might be otherwise, given different conditions. Such ways of seeing imprint on social relations a really existing nature (to think and act like a citizen for example). The generalized experience of this imagined realm, for subjects, is shaped by the discursive limits imposed by apparatuses of security and the broader hegemonic conditions under which subjects live.
Schematically, the deployment of democracy, as a metaphor of the common good, proceeds within two parallel moments. First, there is the moment of broad hegemony conceived as a specific historical formation of cemented leadership by a historical bloc over a social formation, framed by moments of state-building, ideological practices, economic development and conjunctural politics. Within this historical condition democracy may variously be advanced as an ideological state, an institutional form, a project to build. Underlying these possibilities, either alone or in combination, is the organization of a centre that aggrandizes for itself the capacity to speak for the common good. Second, there is the moment of democracy as a political rationality, or specific project of government, aimed at creating practices of self-government. This may be framed as the production of capacity for the practice of citizenship and the promotion of civic virtue through which the particular is transcended, such that individuals act in a manner commensurate with the common good (the particular of the elite universalized). To the extent that a moment of democratic hegemony becomes effective in dispositional terms, by orientating people to particular ways of seeing and acting as citizens of a political community, then we are studying the effects of government situated within the problem space called democracy. To give specificity to this discrete area of governmentality and hegemony, it may be named democrasubjection. As theoretical constructions, both hegemony and governmentality are not exhaustive of the forms of power operative in society, nor do they work in an enduring balance; rather, as organizing concepts for enquiry, they point to a critical reading of democracy as democrasubjection.
Democrasubjection, or ‘people in democratic subjection’, refers to the potentially oppressive dimension of democracy, the never-succeeding project of subjecting people to new institutional and ideological forms of power in the construction of democratic subjects. This is more than a play on words: it is an attempt to suggest some productive insights that flow from a recognition of the constructedness of subjecthood. It also draws on Althusser’s noting of the ambiguity of the term ‘subject’:
In the ordinary use of the term, subject in fact means: (1) a free subjectivity, a centre of initiations, author of and responsible for its own actions; (2) a subjected being who submits to a higher authority, and is therefore stripped of all freedom…the individual is interpellated as a (free) subject in order that he shall submit freely to the commandments of the Subject, ie, in order that he shall (freely) accept his subjection…There are no subjects except by and for their subjection.
This derivation of ‘democrasubjection’ does not signify agreement on Althusser’s structuralist reading of the subject, which extinguishes meaning (1). Democrasubjection is understood more as a strategy, within a more general hegemonic project, than an actual state. It may succeed in having some dispositional consequences, in terms of producing ‘consent’ (as an inculcated propensity to see or do things in particular ways by self-volition). Likewise, the Althusserian model of ‘total’ ideology is eschewed here, in favour of a more limited sense which points to the production of closure, a placing of limits on ways of seeing, in a discursive formation, and this closure’s instrumentality for hegemonic blocs.'
Ideologically speaking, then, a citizen, in moments of practice and identification, might be seen as a subjective place of closure inhabited by myths of nationhood and animated by the equivalence of nation and self, produced by such identifying closure. Certainly, across the globe, and no less in Thailand, much effort is expended on producing a political subject able to recognize itself as a modern political citizen, who is held to be an autonomous agent, and capable of consenting to participate in a political community. Althusser’s notion of interpellation is useful for making some general remarks on this. He maintained that a necessary precondition for the maintenance and reproduction of capitalist society was the extent to which its ideological systems were perpetuated. To examine this, Althusser grappled with how the subject internalized ideology, and he famously concluded that ideology was constitutive of the subject: ‘Ideology interpellates individuals as subjects’. By this Althusser meant that ideology, as a representation of the imagined relations of individuals, is a process through which the subject ‘negotiates’ its relationship to societal forces (material ideological apparatus). The ‘negotiation’ takes place at the level of subject (mis)recognition of itself when it is interpellated, or hailed, by outside subjects or institutions. When a subject (mis)recognizes that a discourse is addressed to herself/himself, and responds as the addressee, then the subject is thoroughly implicated in ideology. Thus, Althusser claims that actually the negotiation described above (interpellation/(mis)recognition) does not take place because ‘(t)he existence of ideology and the hailing or interpellation of individuals as subjects are one and the same thing’. The subject only ever was an ideological production.
We have in Althusser the strongest statement on the fictive nature of subjecthood, such that lines of resistance are not intelligible. Here the questions of subject autonomy, of consent and resistance, make no theoretical sense. While the idea of interpellation remains a suggestive way for theorizing the discursive making of subjects, for it points to a permanent process of subject constitution, Althusser denies the agential nature of interpellation and the possibility of resistant readings of subject status because interpellation is presented as a formal rather than real process (since ideology and the subject are the same thing). Inasmuch as one might recognize the limits of ‘interpellation’ as an account of subject constitution, it can nevertheless function to name a particular elite orientation which seeks to construct particular ways of being by addressing people as citizens.
Furthermore, an underlying assumption of the chapters that follow is that the democratic aspect of both the statist and liberal hegemonic project entails the discursive citation of what Poulantzas calls the ‘isolation effect’, an effect in which subjects recognize themselves as citizens or individuals rather than class subjects, and which produces forms of politics relevant to this being a ‘person’ in a nation, separate from class politics and identity. As Poulantzas argued, the isolation effect can not be read simply as an automatic process derived from the structural isolation of individuals through commodity production and their de-classed relation to the political region as individuals, mediated by ‘juridical-political ideology’ and legal institutions. Rather, this effect must be organized and constantly articulated as the commonsense operative subjectivity, as a form of subjectivity involving a particular imagining of the political community and one’s location in it.
Projects of dominatively defined citizenship function as constant interpellative appeals to the desired subjectivity. This is not to say they are effective or not subvertible, but it is to say that they form a crucial component of the ideological struggle to combat the ‘people problem’, or the problem of organizing the people productively. Part of the democratic aspect of hegemonic projects in Thailand, both statist and liberal, is precisely the attempt to make manifest and operative the structural potential of the isolation effect, to make it politically operative and organize the population around concepts of citizenship. That is to say that the isolation effect is consciously organized for as a political project. The more organized ideological strata in the state do seek the organization of a national imaginary and a citizen conducive to self-rule. It is for this reason that there exists a durable tradition of practices of government in the Thai state concerned with developing within the people particular subjective orientations that are held to be the civilized condition of modernity, among which is the production of a democratic temper. It is also why it is possible to meaningfully speak of projects of democrasubjection.
Democracy and National Identity in Thailand
Thai discussion from
http://looktao.multiply.com/journal/item/37
หนังสือเล่มนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อที่จะวิเคราะห์วาทกรรมของ “ประชาธิปไตย” โดยมองจากแง่มุมของรัฐ ว่า รัฐไทยได้สร้างจินตนาการของคำว่า “ประชาธิปไตย” อย่างไร โดยมีสมมติฐานว่า ประชาธิปไตยและการสร้างอัตลักษณ์ความเป็นไทยเป็นเทคโนโลยีการควบคุมแบบหนึ่งทางการเมืองและการครอบงำหนังสือเล่มนี้เสนอแนะการวิเคราะห์การเมือง โดยผ่านทฤษฎีการพัฒนาการเมือง ซึ่งถูกนำมาใช้โดยรัฐและตัวแสดงอื่น ๆ ของรัฐ โดยอธิบายว่า "ประชาธิปไตยและอัตลักษณ์ของความเป็นไทย ถูกนำมาใช้เป็นภาษาการเมืองเพื่อการสร้างเทคโนโลยีแห่งการชอบธรรม" ประชาธิปไตยถูกนำมาใช้เพื่อเป็นหลักการสร้างความชอบธรรมของตัวแสดงต่าง ๆ โดยไม่ได้มีความหมายคงตัวในตัวของมันเอง เช่นชัยอนันท์ และกนก พบว่าก่อนการรัฐประหารปี 2524 คำว่า “ประชาธิปไตย” ไม่ค่อยถูกนำมาใช้ในประกาศคณะปฏิวัติ และมักจะถูกนำมาใช้ในทางลบ ในขณะที่สมัยหลังคำว่า “ประชาธิปไตย” มีความหมายที่หมายถึงสิทธิในการการปกครองตัวเองของประชาชนประชาธิปไตยในฐานะจินตภาพของชุมชนทางการเมืองและสิทธิในการปกครองตัวเอง เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของผลผลิตของการครอบงำ โดยให้ชุมชนทางการเมืองคือหน่วยหนึ่งที่มีฉันทามติร่วมกัน ประหนึ่งว่าชุมชนใด ๆ ก็ตาม ไม่มีความไม่ลงรอย ไม่ขัดแย้งกันในเรื่องผลประโยชน์ และไม่มีการกดขี่ครอบงำ ในแง่นี้ Connors บอกว่า เรียกว่าทฤษฎีของเขาที่ได้จากการวิเคราะห์วาทกรรมประชาธิปไตยของไทยว่าเป็น “Democrasubjection” หมายถึงเป็นจินตภาพที่ประชาชนคิดไปว่าเขามีอำนาจในการปกครองตัวเอง (..Democrasubjection, or the subjection of people to imaginary forms of their own rule)ที่ผ่านมาประชาธิปไตยถูกใช้ทั้งในแง่ของอุดมการณ์ชาติ และวาทศิลป์เพื่อเสริมอุดมการณ์ของผู้นำทางการเมืองกลุ่มต่าง ๆ 43 ในการอ้างประชาธิปไตยเพื่อความชอบธรรมของกลุ่มต่าง ๆ นั้น คำว่า “พลเมือง” หรือ Citizen จะต้องถูกสร้างขึ้นมาก่อนเพื่อให้เป็นเจ้าของอำนาจอธิปไตย วิธีการสร้างพลเมืองในระบอบประชาธิปไตยของไทยนั้น ถูกสร้างขึ้นในรูปแบบของพลเมืองดีที่ได้รับการพัฒนาทางการเมือง โดยผ่านทางโครงการต่าง ๆ ของรัฐเพื่อพัฒนาให้พวกเขาได้สร้างอัตลักษณ์และภักดีต่อความเป็นไทย ถึงแม้ว่าชุมชนทางการเมืองและประชาชนจะเป็นเป้าหมายหลักทางการเมือง แต่จริง ๆ แล้วผู้กำหนดนโยบายต่างหากที่จะเป็นผู้เสนอนโยบายและสร้างโครงการต่าง ๆ ให้กับประชาชนทั้งนี้ประชาธิปไตยในที่นี่ก็ไม่ใช่เพียงวาทะศิลป์ของเผด็จการ แต่เป็นรูปแบบของพลเมืองที่นำพาไปสู่รัฐที่มีเสรีภาพมากขึ้น ประชาชนคือวัตถุประสงค์หรือเป้าหมายของการพัฒนา โดยความต้องการของพวกเขาได้รับการตอบสนอง แม้ว่าจะถูกกดขี่อยู่บ้าง การเป็นพลเมืองดีขึ้นอยู่กับการปฏิบัติตามกฎหมาย โดยมีสัญลักษณ์อยู่ที่ระบบกษัตริย์ที่ยุติธรรม และเมื่อประชาชนมีความขัดแย้งกัน ผู้นำจะส่งสัญญาณให้เค้ากลับมาคืนดีกัน นี่คือประชาธิปไตย จากการให้คำจำกัดความและชี้แนะของผู้มีอำนาจครอบ
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)